2,742 research outputs found
Constraining primordial magnetic fields with CMB polarization experiments
We calculate the effect that a primordial homogeneous magnetic field, \B_0,
will have on the different CMB power spectra due to Faraday rotation.
Concentrating on the , and correlations, we forecast the ability
for future CMB polarization experiments to constrain \B_0. Our results depend
on how well the foregrounds can be subtracted from the CMB maps, but we find a
predicted error between \sigma_{\B_0} = 4 \times 10^{-11}Gauss (for the QUIET
experiment with foregrounds perfectly subtracted) and Gauss
(with the Clover experiment with no foreground subtraction). These constraints
are two orders of magnitudes better than the present limits on \B_0.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Extended results section. Typos corrected.
Corresponds to version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Immunhistochemische Algorithmen in der Prostatadiagnostik: Was gibt es Neues?
Zusammenfassung: Die Immunhistochemie hat sich zu einem unverzichtbaren Hilfsmittel in der Prostatabiopsiediagnostik entwickelt. Da der Basalzellverlust als ein definierendes Kennzeichen von MalignitĂ€t angesehen wird, können vor allem Basalzellmarker in der Differenzialdiagnose benigner und maligner LĂ€sionen hilfreich sein. Basalzellzytokeratine und p63 haben daher schon lange einen festen Platz im diagnostischen Repertoire von Uropathologen. WĂŒnschenswert wĂ€re jedoch, diese Negativmarker durch zusĂ€tzliche komplementĂ€re Positivmarker zu ergĂ€nzen, um die diagnostische Genauigkeit weiter zu erhöhen. Der am weitesten verbreitete Positivmarker ist die α-Methylazyl-CoA-Razemase (AMACR), die im Prostatakarzinom stark aufreguliert ist und sogar mit p63 in einer einzigen ImmunfĂ€rbung kombiniert werden kann. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kurzen und kritischen Ăberblick ĂŒber gegenwĂ€rtige diagnostische Biomarker des Prostatakarzinoms und schlĂ€gt darĂŒber hinaus Golgi-Phosphoprotein2" (GOLPH2) und "fatty acid synthase" (FASN) als zusĂ€tzliche diagnostische Marker vo
The Power of Non-Determinism in Higher-Order Implicit Complexity
We investigate the power of non-determinism in purely functional programming
languages with higher-order types. Specifically, we consider cons-free programs
of varying data orders, equipped with explicit non-deterministic choice.
Cons-freeness roughly means that data constructors cannot occur in function
bodies and all manipulation of storage space thus has to happen indirectly
using the call stack.
While cons-free programs have previously been used by several authors to
characterise complexity classes, the work on non-deterministic programs has
almost exclusively considered programs of data order 0. Previous work has shown
that adding explicit non-determinism to cons-free programs taking data of order
0 does not increase expressivity; we prove that this - dramatically - is not
the case for higher data orders: adding non-determinism to programs with data
order at least 1 allows for a characterisation of the entire class of
elementary-time decidable sets.
Finally we show how, even with non-deterministic choice, the original
hierarchy of characterisations is restored by imposing different restrictions.Comment: pre-edition version of a paper accepted for publication at ESOP'1
Multivariate analysis of oestrogen receptor alpha, pS2, metallothionein and CD24 expression in invasive breast cancers
Determination of oestrogen receptor alpha (ER) represents at present the most important predictive factor in breast cancers. Data of ours and of other authors suggest that promising predictive/prognostic factors may also include pS2, metallothionein (MT) and CD24. Present study aimed at determining prognostic and predictive value of immunohistochemical determination of ER, pS2, MT, and CD24 expression in sections originating from 104 patients with breast cancer. An univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that cytoplasmic-membranous expression of CD24 (CD24c-m) represents a strong unfavourable prognostic factor in the entire group and in most of the subgroups of patients. In several subgroups of the patients also a prognostic value was demonstrated of elevated expression of pS2 and of membranous expression of CD24. Our studies demonstrated that all patients with good prognostic factors (higher ER and pS2 expressions, lower MT expression, CD24c-m negativity) survived total period of observation (103 months). The study documented that cytoplasmic-membranous expression of CD24 represented an extremely strong unfavourable prognostic factor in breast cancer. Examination of the entire panel of the studied proteins permitted to select a group of patients of an exceptionally good prognosis
Right Ventricular Pacing and Sensing Function in High Posterior Septal and Apical Lead Placement in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
AbstractBackgroundThe conventional right ventricular (RV) lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemakers (CRT-P) is the RV apex (RV-A). Little is known about electrophysiological stability and associated complications of pacing leads in RV high posterior septal (RV-HS) position in CRT-P.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty-five consecutive CRT-P patients were included from 1999-2010. Pacing thresholds at 0.5ms and 2.5V, sensing electrograms and lead impedances were measured at implant and repeated 1,3,6,12,18 and 24months after CRT-P. Electrophysiological measurements of leads located in RV-A and RV-HS were analyzed retrospectively. Bipolar RV leads were used, including high impedance leads, passive fixation and active fixation.ResultsRV pacing leads were implanted in RV-A (n=79) and RV-HS (n=156). Average RV pacing thresholds from CRT implant procedure to 24-month follow-up at 0.5ms were 0.77±0.69V in RV-A and 0.71±0.35V in RV-HS (P=0.31), and at 2.5V were 0.06±0.08ms in RV-A and 0.07±0.05ms in RV-HS (P=0.12). Average RV electrogram amplitudes from baseline to 24months after CRT were 15.3±6.9mV in RV-A and 12.1±6.0mV in RV-HS (P=0.55). Average RV impedances during follow-up were 850±286Ω in RV-A and 618±147Ω in RV-HS (P=0.57). Similar RV lead revisions between RV-A and RV-HS were observed after 2-year follow-up (P=0.55).ConclusionsThe RV-HS lead position demonstrated stable and acceptable long-term pacing and sensing function, with rates of complications comparable to conventional RV-A lead position in CRT. The RV-HS lead position is feasible in CRT-P
The translational potential of microRNAs as biofluid markers of urological tumours
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are secreted by cells in vesicles, bound in a ribonucleoprotein complex or as free molecules. These miRNA secretion pathways are dysregulated in cancer, making miRNAs attractive candidate molecules for liquid biopsies. A number of studies have investigated the regulation of miRNA secretion into blood and urine and suggested that miRNAs are noninvasive diagnostic, prognostic and surveillance markers in urological carcinomas, and research in this area has increased over the past 5 years. However, methodological and analytical pitfalls exist and require addressing to enable future translation of the laboratory findings regarding miRNAs as biomarkers into clinical practice in bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer and testicular cancer
Inter-hospital transfer: the crux of the trauma system, a curse for trauma registries
The inter-hospital transfer of patients is crucial to a well functioning trauma system, and the transfer process may serve as a quality indicator for regional trauma care. However, the assessment of the transfer process requires high-quality data from various sources. Prospective studies and studies based on single-centre trauma registries may fail to capture an appropriate width and depth of data. Thus the creation of inclusive regional and national trauma registries that receive information from all of the services within a trauma system is a prerequisite for high quality inter-hospital transfer studies in the future
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